WOOD
10:13 PM
WOOD
When we hear the word wood it's already a common
knowledge that it comes from a tree. What may not be so apparent is the
structure of the wood itself, and the individual components that make up any
given piece of lumber. Woods are also areas in the wild, but they are much
smaller. In a forest, natural sunlight barely comes through the canopy of
trees, whereas sunlight is abundant in a wood. A wood has a dense growth of
trees that is typically larger than a grove but smaller than a forest. Forests
are either deciduous or evergreen in nature, and they are large areas where
there are many animals. Trees in forests and woods grow thickly, with shrubs,
underbrush and grasses flourishing between them.
Characteristics:
Wood is used for furniture and
cabinets. This includes different color hues, grains and natural
characteristics.
Burl Grain is
often a desired characteristic for specialty product.
Tiger Stripe
or also called as zebra wood is in red and white oak and both hard and soft
maple, as well as the other species.
Birds Eye, is
a small area in the wood where fibers are contorted to form circular that looks
like a birds’ eye.
Knots vary in
size, shape, structure, and color. This is the most difficult characteristics
of wood to classify.
- The closed knot has a flat face with no openings.
- The open knot forms a very small pin-size hole to a large gaping hole.
- The red ring knot are sound or tight and do not fall out during machining.
- The black ring knot may loosen during the machining process.
- The sound knot is completely solid with no proportion of the knot moveable.
- The unsound knot also known as loose knot has a portion that will move easily.
- The pin knot is a small sound and tight knot.
- The knot cluster is a grouping of usually small knots.
Ray flecking
is visible in hardwood species. Rays are strips of cells that extend radially
with in a tree
- Bark protects the inner living portion from external damage
- Bark pocket shows a typical bark pocket with barked-filled surface
- Vining maroon color stain with a uniform cross hatch appearance
- Incipient Rot identified by slight discoloration or bleaching of the wood
- Advanced Rot causes the wood to become soft and punky
- Bird Peck usually produce by woodpeckers crating a small hole
- Worm track also referred to as pith fleck
- Pitch pocket also referred as gum spot caused by peach beetles and cambium miners
- Carpenter Ant Damage caused by carpenter ant infestation
- Worm hole caused mostly by worm hole damage
- Grub hole bored damage and requires a two-year cycle to complete one generation
Wood Composites
Wood composites are those products made from
texture of wood and other materials
The types of wood composites are:
Types of Plywood:
a.
Ordinary Plywood – common for structural
use, this is also used for paneling and finishing.
b.
Form plywood
c.
Marine plywood – made for external
used, waterproofed
d.
Fancy plywood
2.) Fiberboards and Medium Density Fiberboards – it is a finishing materials made from vegetable fibers such as corn or sugarcane stalks bonded together and compressed into rigid sheets. It is not very strong but has good insulating properties and this is usually used for ceiling only. Its standard sizes is generally 4’x8’ (1220mm x 2440mm) panel size, in thicknesses of 3/6” (4.5mm) or ¼” (6mm), ½” (12mm) and ¾” (9mm).
Types of fiberboard (in order
of increase density) include:
a. Particle
board - Fiberboard is sometimes used as a synonym for
particle board, but particleboard usually refers to low-density fiberboard.
b. Medium-Density
Fiberboard –this is heavily used in the furniture
industry.
c. Hardboard
MDF
is a type of fiberboard which is usually made from wood fibers glued heat and
pressure. It is dense, flat, stiff, had no knot and is easily machined. Unlike
plywood, MDF contains no internal voids, and will produce better edges
providing that is correctly machined.
3.) Particle
board – material made from wood chips, strands, silvers, fibers, shavings,
etc. which are bound together and pressed into sheets and other molded shapes.
Particle board has equal strength in all directions of a given cross sectional
area. it is not brittle and can resist warping. However, particle board can be made
more attractive by painting or the use of wood veneers onto surfaces that will
be visible.
4. ) Hardboard
– it is similar to particle board and MDF, but is denser and much stronger and
harder because it is made out of exploded wood fibers that have been highly
compressed. It has long been used in furniture, but is also popular for use in
the construction industry. Hardboard is a cheaper option than plywood where
strength is not required. It also has a smooth surface on one side and a
screened surface on the other. The standard panel sizes are 4’x8’ (1220mm x
2440mm) with thickness of 1/8” (3mm), 3/16” (4.5mm) or ¼” (6mm).
5. ) Gypsum
board – is a non-combustible building board with a
gypsum core enclosed in tough, smooth paper. It is used to make interior walls
and ceilings or partition. It is extensively used in “dry-wall” construction,
where plaster is eliminated.
6.) Chipboard
– is made by bonding together wood particles with an adhesive under heat and
pressure to form a rigid board with a relatively smooth surface, often faced
with veneer
.
Chip board is available in a
number of densities which is the:
-
Normal density is
fairly soft and density.
-
High-density is
very solid and hard (often used for worktops and fire doors).
-
Medium density
is somewhere in between.
7. )
Fibercement
board – is a combination of cement and reinforcing
formed into 4 foot by 8 foot sheets (or 3 foot to 5 foot sheets), ¼ to ½ inch
thick that are typically used as a tile backing board. Cement board can be
nailed or screwed to wood or steel studs to create a substrate for vertical
tile and attached horizontally to plywood for tile floors, kitchen counters and
backsplashes. It can be used on the exterior buildings as a base for exterior
plaster (stucco) systems and sometimes as the finish system itself.
METHODS OF SAWING
- Plain sawing - it refers to lumber cut tangent to the annual rings of growth, or in commercial practice, cut with annual rings at an angle 0° to 45°. This is preferable when a pleasing pattern is required.
- Quarter Sawing - refers to radial wood cut to the annual rings of growth parallel to the rays or in commercial practice, cut with the annual growth rings at an angle 45° to 90°. This is more desirable because it has less shrinkage than plainsawn lumber and this important since wood joints must be kept tight.
- Rift sawing - refers to woodcut at a 30° to 60° angle to the center of the timber. It is otherwise similar to quartersawn.
Plain sawn vs. Quarter/Rift sawing:
1.
Plainsawn has less waste and
less expensive. Quarter/Rift sawing has more waste and more expensive.
2.
Plainsawn is less stable while Quarter/Rift
sawing is most stable.
3.
Plain sawn has more width while
Quarter/Rift sawing has a narrow width.
4.
Plain sawing takes less time
cutting. Quarter/Rift sawing is more labor intensive.
5.
Plainsawn has more shrinkage in
width. Quarter/Rift sawing has more shrinkage in thickness rather than width.
VARNISH
Shiny and glossy surfaces are what commonly pop into your head when you hear the word Varnish. We think it’s just a generic material but really it has a lot of different kinds and that’s what we’re going to discuss about in this blog post.
WHAT?
Varnish is a translucent, firm, protective finish that is mainly used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is conventionally a mixture of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent. Varnish finishes are more often than not lustrous but may be designed to produce satin or semi-gloss sheens by the adding "flatting" agents. Varnishes are also applied over wood stains as a finishing step to achieve a film for gloss and protection. Varnish has little or no color, is clear, and has no added pigment, as contrasting to paints or wood stains, which contain pigment and regularly range from opaque to translucent.
WHERE?
Varnish was derived from Latin Vernix, which means odorous resin.
The etymology of which comes from the Greek word Berenice, the ancient name of current Benghazi in Libya, where the foremost varnishes in the Mediterranean region were used and where resins from the trees of now-vanished forests were sold.
Berenice comes from the Greek words phero (to bring) + nike (victory).
HOW?
Varnish is not a fixed formula and through the ages various components have been added to improve certain characteristics of a varnish such as hardness, speed of drying and cure, elasticity, colour or UV protection.
DRYING OIL
Ex: linseed oil, walnut oil, tung oil, and others.
RESIN – to add strength and body
Ex: amber, kauri gum, dammar, copal, rosin (pine resin), sandarac, balsam, elemi, mastic, and others.
SOLVENT – to thin the mixture and make it easier to apply
Ex: Traditionally, natural (organic) turpentine but now the commonly used is mineral-based turpentine substitutes such as white spirit or "paint thinner", also known as "mineral spirit".
Modern varnishes now include synthetic additives and components that were not available in the past to improve the qualities of varnishes. There are additive that speed up drying, improve flow, reduce skinning on un-used portions, improve UV resistance, modify the finished surface to be less shiny or slippery.
TYPES
RESIN - can be a viscous liquid often derived from coniferous plants, such as balsam, or rosin
SHELLAC - a very widely used single-component resin varnish that is alcohol-soluble.
ALKYD - are chemically modified vegetable oils which operate well in a wide range of conditions and can be engineered to speed up the cure rate and thus harden faster.
DRYING OILS - are not true varnishes though often in modern terms they accomplish the same thing.
DRYING OILS - are not true varnishes though often in modern terms they accomplish the same thing.
POLYURETHANE - are typically hard, abrasion-resistant, and durable coatings.
LACQUER - refers to quick-drying, solvent-based varnishes or paints.
ACRYLIC - are typically water-borne varnishes with the lowest refractive index of all finishes and high transparency
CONVERSION - Used when a fast-curing, tough, hard finish is desired, such as for kitchen cabinets and office furniture.
Flooring
Mass-produced from timber that is used for flooring, either for
both structural and aesthetic. It is the frequent choice of flooring for many homeowners,
due to its durability and restorability.
1.) Planks
Homeowners tend to go for planks wood flooring to convey an
authentic rustic feel. These capture a historic, vintage feel unlike any other
type of floor. The common size
of planks are about 75mm to 7.50mm (3” to 10”)
2.) Wood Strip flooring
Is the most favored
choice. The size of wood strip flooring is usually about 40 mm to 60 mm (1 ½ “
to 2 ½ “) wide.
3.) Parquet flooring
It consists of small individual
slats or pre-configured wood strips into a geometric mosaic for a decorative
effect. Parquet patterns are entirely geometrical and angular - squares, triangles, lozenges. But the most popular choice of pattern is the
Herring Bone.
4.) Block flooring
Made of pre-assembled
square units at the mill, it is usually installed with a sealant, adhesive or
protective coating. These are the most durable and resilient
flooring surfaces available.
A.) Unit Block
flooring to replace lost or severely damaged
portions of existing unit wood block floors, or to enlarge or alter an area of
existing wood block floors. Made
from joining short lengths of strip flooring.
B.) Laminated block
also called floating
wood tile, is
a multi-layer synthetic flooring product merge
together with a lamination process. It
simulates wood with a
photographic applique layer
under a clear protective layer. The inner core layer is usually composed of melamine resin and fiber board materials.
It is made by bonding three or more wood veneers with a moisture resistant
adhesive, these are usually tongue and groove, alignment and setting, so these
are reasonably easy DIY for homeowners.
C.) Slat Block
Made by assembling narrow slats into larger
units
1 (mga) komento
We haved discussed the classifications if wood in this article and is very informative. Question is how are we benefited in using this type of material? You have mentioned above about woods differing from forests but bottomline is still environmentally related. Since this product us from our nature, how is it affecting our environment and hiw are we going to benefit it?
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